Indonesian art history
Development of art INDONESIA
A. Properties - General Nature Arts Indonesia
1. Be traditional / static
With the agrarian culture leads to a form of art which adheres to a principle of hereditary
2. Progressive nature
With the maritime culture. Indonesian art is often influenced by outside culture that developed later in the match and so it becomes the property of Indonesia itself
3. Is diversity
Indonesia consists of several areas with state of the environment and of different nature, which gave birth to a form of art expression of diverse
4. Craft is Art
With Indonesia's natural wealth that produces a wide - range of materials to make crafts
5. Equity Non Realist
With the background of the original religion of primitive affects the expression of art is always symbolic / symbolism
B. Prehistoric Art Indonesia
Prehistoric times (Prehistory) is the time before it was discovered the source - the source or document - a written document of human life. Cultural background comes from the Indonesian culture propagated by the Old Malay and Melayu Muda. Original religion at that time animism and dynamism that gave birth to a form of art as a medium for the ceremony (is symbolism)
Indonesia consists of prehistory: Stone Age and the Age of Metal
1. Art Stone Age
Subdivided into the stone age: Old Stone Age (Palaeolithikum), middle stone age (Mesolithikum), a young rock era (Neolithic), then developed art of stone age era metal called megalithikum (Big Stone)
Relic - legacy are:
a. Arts Building
Man has particularly phaleolithikum yet fixed abode, their nomadic (nomad) and hunting or gathering food (food gathering) sign - a sign of a work of art begins Mesolithikum era. They already have a place to stay in goa - goa. As found in the cave in South Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. Also a house - houses on stilts on the beach, with evidence - evidence such as that found in the eastern coast of Sumatra, a hill - hill mussels (Klokkenmodinger) as the rest - the rest of the kitchen garbage fishermen
Later Neolithic era, humans are able to cultivate the land and raise (food producting) and lived stay at home - home wood / bamboo
At the time megalithikum produced many buildings - buildings of stone size for ritual purposes, such punden, dolmen, sarkofaq, stone tables, etc.
b. Plastic arts
Sculpture developed in the Neolithic era, in the form of sculptures - statues and sculptures ancestors repellent reinforcements, non-realistic style, made of wood or stone. Then megalithikum many times itemukan sculptures - sculptures of monumental size static and dynamic style piktural
c. Portraiture
From antiquity Mesolithikum discovered paintings - paintings made on the walls of caves such as cave paintings in South and South Coast of Irian Jaya. Objective paintings for magical and ritual purposes, such as hunting animals adegang symbol ancestors and fingerprints. Later in the Neolithic era and megalithikum, painting applied to the buildings - buildings and objects - craft for decoration ornamental objects (symbolic geometric patterns or motifs)
2. Metal Ages Arts
Metal era in Indonesia known as the Bronze Age, because many found objects - objects of craft materials such as bronze ganderang, axes, vessels, sculptures and jewelery, works of art made with mengecor technique (print), known as two scoring techniques:
1) bivalves, is a bisaa mengecor techniques in recurrent ualng
2) Acire Perdue, who is teknim mengecor hany one time use (not repeated)
C. Indonesia Arts Hindu
Hindu culture from India that is spreading around the first century AD Indonesia through trade, religion and politics. Center development in Java, Bali and Sumatra and then mixed (acculturation) with native Indonesian culture (culture palace and feudal). Prose cultural acculturation India and Indonesia take place gradually over a period of time, namely the process:
a. The process of imitation (imitation)
b. The process of adjustment (adaptation)
c. Process Mastery (creation)
1. Characteristics - Characteristics of Indonesian art Hindu
a. Is Peodal, the arts centered in the palace as medi devotion Raja (King cult)
b. Is sacred, that the arts as a medium for religious ceremonies
c. Conventional nature, the arts, which is based on a guideline on the source of religious law (Silfasastra)
d. Results acculturation India to Indonesia
2. Art work of Indonesia Hindu
a. Arts Building:
1) Building the Temple
Temple berasala of the word "Candika" which means the name of one god of death (Dugra). Hence the temple is always associated with mnumen to honor King, who died eg Left temple to honor the King Anusapati, but it also serves as a temple:
- Temple Stupa: established as a symbol of Buddhist Borobudur example
- Temple Gate: founded as a gate or entrance, for example, the temple Bajang Queen
- Temple Hall Kambang / Tirta: established near / in the middle of the pond, temples example Hemisphere
- Temple Hermitage: founded on the slopes - slopes where the King imprisoned, for example temple Jalatunda
- Vihara Temple: built for the temple priests bersemedhi eg Sari
The structure of the temple consists of 3 parts
- Foot temple was once formed part of the basis of the schematics (rectangular, square or terms ujur 20)
- The temple. There is room - where a statue or sculpture
- The roof of the temple: an pyramid-shaped, crowned stupa, phallus, Ratna or amalaka
The temple there is a stand-alone there is also a group. There are two systems in pengelempokan temples, namely:
- Concentric Systems (result of the influence of India) is the main temple in the middle - the middle child - children temple, for example, groups and Prambanan temples lorojongrang
- System backs (original creations Indonesia) is the main temple is behind the children - children temple, temple eg upgrading
2) Building the temple
Pura is the building where the god or ancestral spirits that many established in Bali. Pura is a complex structure composed of three pages the influence of the temple upgrading are:
- The front page contained a meeting hall
- The central courtyard there is a food hall
- The back yard there; meru, Padmasana, and the Gods
The whole building is surrounded by a wall with gates around the one-door / lid (kori agung) is open (briefly temple)
- Pura glory, established in the palace complex
- Temple Mount, established on the slopes of the mountain where bersemedhi
- Pura Subak, founded in the paddy
- Temple of the sea, set on the waterfront
3) Castle Buildings
Castle is a building that serves as the administrative center and religious center. Building - building complex located at the castle include: The head of the family (Semanggen), where the ceremony leveling gear (Balain Munde), etc.
b. Hindu Buddhist sculpture
Sculptures in Hinduism is the result of the realization of the king with the god penitisnya. Hindus believe in the Trinity: Brahma Vishnu and Shiva. To distinguish them every statue given divine attributes (like / traits), such as a statue of Brahma laksananya four heads, four arms and kendaraanhya (vehicle) hangsa). While the statue of Vishnu laksananya there is the crescent moon crown, and skull, vehicle ox, (pulse), etc.
In Buddhism bisaa dipatungkan is Buddha, Dhyani Buddha, Dhyani Bodhidattwa and Tara. Each Buddha has a sign - a sign of purity, namely:
- Curly hair and beard (ashnisha)
- Among the forehead there is a point (urna)
- Long ears (lamba-karnapasa)
- There is also the wrinkles in the neck
- Wearing robes Sanghati
c. Hindu Buddhist decorative art
The form of the temple is actually a clone of the mountain Mahameru results are considered sacred as the place of the Gods
Therefore ornate temple always correspond to natural mountain atmosphere, with motifs of flora and fauna as well as being azaib. Forms ornate temples are divided into two types, namely:
1) Architectural Ornaments are 3 dimensional embellishment is that form the structure of the temple, for example:
- Decorative crown on the roof of the temple
- Hisana towers at each corner of the temple
- Decorative motifs kala (Banaspati) at the top of the door
- Ornament makara, simbar filaster, etc.
1) Hanging field is two-dimensional ornament is found on the wall / temple areas, for example
- Hanging with the story, is the Hindu temple of Mahabharata and Ramayana: while in the Buddhist temple is the Jataka, Lalitapistara
- Decorative flora and fauna
- Decoration geometric patterns
- Ornament creatures Khayangan
3. Chronological History of Visual Arts Buddhist Hindu
a. Fine art Java Central Java Hindu period, consisting of:
1) Sanjaya dynasty era
Temple - the temple was founded only in mountainous regions. Art sculpture embodies the human-animal (bull or eagle)
2) Age Wangsa dynasty
Remains of the temple: the temple Prambanan, Sewu Group, Borobudurm Temple, Temple Kalasan, Sari, Mendut And Plaosan Group
Buddhist sculpture art nature, eg statues of Buddha in Borobudur Temple and Budhisatwa
b. Fine art Java Hindu period in East Java, consisting of:
1) Age of Transition
In the art building has displayed a sign - a sign of the art style, as seen in eastern Java Hemisphere temple is at the foot changes terraced temple and a higher roof. Then in the art of sculpture dudah no longer exhibit the Indian tradition, but has been applied proposition Indonesia as the statue of Airlangga
2) Age Singasari
In the art building is correct - it displayed a style of art in both East Java temple structure and the decorations, for example: Singosari temple, temple-handed, and the temple bruiser. Art sculptures Klasisistis style that departed from Central Javanese style of art, just art sculpture carvings Singosari softer and richer with ornate statue Prajnaparamita example, Bhairawa and Ganesha.
3) Majapahit era
Temple - Temple Majapahit largely no longer intact because it is made of brick, the difference with the Central Javanese temples made of stone / andhesit relics of the temple: the temple Upgrading, Temple Bajangratu, Surowono temple, temple Quarterly etc.
Then in the art of sculpture is no longer exhibit the classic styles of Central Java, but the magical force that further highlight the monumental tradition of Indonesia as seen on the faces, clothes and jewelry typical Indonesian batik. In addition to sculptures of stone sculpture dikelan also realistic of Terakotta (clay) results darin influence Campa and China, for example, the statue faces Gajah Mada
c. Hindu Balinese Arts
In rare Bali temple cult because people are not familiar with the King. Bali Arts main building was the temple and Puri. Temple as a sacred building but in which there are no statues of gods as embodiments of the Balinese people do not know the an-Iconis not become immune to the statue as an object of worship, while the statue just as decoration
4. Differences With Style Art Central Java East Java
a. The difference in the structure of the temple
- The temple is made of stone adhesit Java, East Java while brick
- Temple Central Java chubby shape, slim shape while in East Java
- Legs are not terraced temple in Central Java East Java while berundak
- The roof of the temple a short Java, East Java, while higher
- Set the temple in Central Java with concentric system, while in East Java with the system turned
b. Differences in the art of sculpture
- Sculpture - sculpture in Central Java just as the embodiment of the god / king in East Java, while there is also a human embodiment bisaa
- Art sculpture symbolic Jateng realistic style, whereas in Java era style Singasari klasisitis and magical style Majapahit monumental
- Prambandala (magic circle) on Java sculpture located on the back of the head, while in East Java on the back rest of the body resembles flame
- Clothing King / Gods on Java sculpture was influenced by the tradition of India, whereas in a typical East Java Indonesia such as batik clothes, scarves and headbands
c. The difference in the temple decoration
- Hanging on the temple scenes story bergala Java realist, whereas in Java-style puppets (distortion)
- The scene of the story of the temple in Central Java just about Mahabharata and Ramayana, while there is also a scene in East Java Indonesia original story, such as the Panji stories
- Decorative motif on the temple in Central Java are Hinduism and Buddhism, while in East Java Indonesia there are just as original decorative motifs and symbolism penawakan and mountains
- Hanging on a temple in East Java is more dense and concentrated on Chinese art motifs like clouds and rocks
D. Indonesia Islamic Arts
Religion Islam arrived in Indonesia around the 7th century AD by traders from India, Persia and China. They spread the teachings of Islam sekligus introduce their culture - each, will arise acculturation
Islamic art was also developed by the masters of the palace - the palace as a media service to the rulers (King / Sultan) and then in relation to the spread of Islam, the walipun instrumental in developing the arts in rural communities, such as the Islamic da'wah conveyed by media art puppet
1. Feature - Indonesia Islamic Arts Feature
a. Feudalistic, the art is in the palace as a medium of service to the king / emperor
b. Sourced from pre-Islamic art (the art of prehistoric and Hindu Buddhist art)
c. Serve
2. Art work of Indonesia Islam
a. Arts Building
1. Mosque
Hindu influence appears at the top of the pyramid-shaped mosque compound odd (such as roof, meeting Hindu Bali), for example, the Great Mosque of Demak roof and the Great Mosque of Banten
2. Palace
Palace / palace of King serves as a residence, the seat of government. Religious activities and cultural center. Bisaanya palace complex was founded in the city center, surrounded by walls and a moat round.
3. Tomb
Architecture tomb Muslims in Indonesia is the result of the influence of non-Muslim tradition. The influence of prehistoric art in the form of the tomb looked like punden terraces. While the influence of hindu appears on the headstone the mountains ornate motif or motif when makara. The influence of Gujarat in India that is a roofed tomb lid
b. Calligraphy Art
Art of calligraphy or khat art is the art of beautiful writing. In Islamic art using Arabic. As a symbolic form of a series of verses - verses of Al - Qur'an. Based on the art of calligraphy can be divided into functions, namely:
1) Calligraphy applied serves as decoration / ornament
2) Calligraphy piktural serves as a picture framer
3) Calligraphy serves as a medium of expression such expressive calligraphy by AD. Pireus and Ahmad Sadeli
c. Decorative Art
Islamic decorative arts have always avoided the realist depiction of living creatures, in order to disguise made stilasinya (stylized) or diformasi (simplified) form growing - plants
E. Modern Art Indonesi
The term "modern" in Indonesia, namely betuk art and artistic embodiment that occurs due to the influence of Western art method / Europe. In line with the development of the Indonesian struggle to break away from the colonial
1. Pioneer Period
Starting from Raden Saleh Sharif Bustaman achievements (1807 - 1880), an Indonesian artist who studied art in Europe and upon his return in Indonesia it is spread education. Then Raden Saleh confirmed as the father of modern painting art pioneers
2. Period painting Indonesia beauty / Moek (1920 - 1938)
Characterized by the presence of a group of painters west, Rudolf Bonnet, Walter Spies, Arie Smite, R. Locatelli and others - others. There are several Indonesian painters who followed the rules / techniques are: Abdullah Sr, Pirngadi, Basuki Abdullah, Wakidi and Wahid Somantri
3. PERSAGI period (1938 - 1942)
PERSAGI (Picture Experts Rule Indonesia) was established in 1938 in Jakarta, headed by Agus Jaya Suminta and secretary S. Sujoyono, seangkan members Ramli, Abdul Salam, Otto Jaya S, Speech, Emira Sunarsa (Indonesia's first female painter) PERSAGI intended for Indonesian artists to create art in a creative and berkepribadan Indonesia
4. The Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)
At the time of the artist Indonesia Japan supplied the container at Bunka Shidoso Keimin cultural hall. The artists are active are: Agus Jaya, Jaya Otto, Zaini, Kusnadi etc.. Later in 1945 established art institutions under the auspices of POETRA (energy centers of the People) by four companions: Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara and KH. Mansur
5. After the Independence period (1945 - 1950)
At this time many artists teroragisir in groups - groups are:
Community art studio in Yogyakarta by Affandi, Artist Indonesia Muda (SIM) in Madison, by S. Sujiono, Central Power Painter Indonesia (PTPI) Djajengasmoro, Surakarta Cultural Association (HBS) etc.
6. Period Arts Education Through Formal Education
In 1950 in Yogyakarta stand ASRI (Academy of Fine Arts of Indonesia) are now renamed to STSRI (College of Fine Arts of Indonesia) pioneered by RJ. Katamsi, then at Teachers College London stood Images (now the Department of Arts ITB) which was pioneered by Prof. Syafe Sumarja. Furthermore LPKJ (Jakarta Arts Education Institute) followed by majors - majors in every State Teacher Training Institute sekarag even the rank of senior secondary
7. Future New Art Indonesia
In 1974 came the well-educated young artist formally or self-taught, like Jim Supangkat, S. Priaka, Harsono, Dede Eri Supria, Munni Ardhi, Nyoman Nuarta, etc.
F. Flow - Flow Art
The flow of painting emerged in Europe in the 19 abd pesatya affected by developments in science and technology. Discovery of the theory - a new theory is then used as a valid art method in bonding support group, it gives birth to a stream or ideology in art:
1. Kalsisisme, features: attractions such paintings made - decorative, beautiful and elegant impression. Characters: Watteau, Ringaud, Viee Lebrun, Fragnorad and Marisot Boucher
2. Neoclassicism, object characteristics lingungan paintings around the palace and religious, intellectual and academic. All forms are limited to the real line, impressive calm and regal. Pioneer Louis Davis then continued by Ingres
3. Romanticism, features: a powerful theme of the story or the glories of the history and events that arouse feelings, emotionally rich with color and light contrast, the impression of movement even more prominent than the actual event. Characters: Teodoro Gericault, Delaxroix, Cemille Corot, Rouseau. Millet etc.
4. Realism, features: revealing the truth to the object paintings of ordinary people, poverty or bitterness, misery and busy - busy, Gustave Courbet and the character George Hendrik Breitner
5. Naturalism, features: paint natural objects / scenery visually (forografis) without any other interpretation. Painters; Rudolf Bonnet, Le Mayeur, R. Locatelli dab Albercth Durer
6. Improsionisme, features: paint the impression of nature directly and fast light based on the rule of law, the contour lines / blabar and rich with color, artist: Claude Monet, Degas, Pisarro etc
7. Pointillism, features: a technique to paint spots - small spots to show the effects of light and color, the artist Seurat
8. Expressionism, features: results of the expression of emotions and feelings of the object deviates from its natural form, spontaneity and speed of drawing funds using pure color. Vanguard is Vincent Van Gogh and his followers: Emil Nolde, Karl Schmidt and Mondesohn
9. Cubism, there are two types of objects characteristic of Analytical Cubism paintings resemble the arrangement of beams / memorable 3-dimensional cube, and cubism paintings synthesis of object characteristics resemble makeup field an impressive 2-dimensional transparent. Painter Pablo Picasso, George Braque, Jan Gris and Fernand Leger
10. Futurism, features: displays the impression of motion on the object by the repetition of the change - change direction. Artist: G. Balla, Severini and Carlo Carra
11. Abstract, typically painted inner expression results no identification in the real world by means of the unity of line, shape, color and other art elements. Artist: Wassily Kadinsky, Malevich and Piet Mondrin
12. Dada, features: painting as infantile - juvenile, nihilistic, naïve, cute, rejected the law of art and beauty. Pioneer Paul Klee
13. Surrealism, features: painting objects seem strange and foreign as - if only in a dream world, the painter Salvador dali, Marc Ghagall Joan Miro etc..
14. Pop Art, features: as memorable - though satire, caricature, humor and candid of the object can be anything you want, although not lajim displayed in the artwork, the artist Tom Waselman, Cristo and others - others
15. Optical Art, features: including non-objective art by displaying shapes - geometric shapes or lines - lines that are repeated regularly and neatly detailed with color - bright colors painters: Jackson Pollok, William de Kooning and Andy Warhol
Development of art INDONESIA
A. Properties - General Nature Arts Indonesia
1. Be traditional / static
With the agrarian culture leads to a form of art which adheres to a principle of hereditary
2. Progressive nature
With the maritime culture. Indonesian art is often influenced by outside culture that developed later in the match and so it becomes the property of Indonesia itself
3. Is diversity
Indonesia consists of several areas with state of the environment and of different nature, which gave birth to a form of art expression of diverse
4. Craft is Art
With Indonesia's natural wealth that produces a wide - range of materials to make crafts
5. Equity Non Realist
With the background of the original religion of primitive affects the expression of art is always symbolic / symbolism
B. Prehistoric Art Indonesia
Prehistoric times (Prehistory) is the time before it was discovered the source - the source or document - a written document of human life. Cultural background comes from the Indonesian culture propagated by the Old Malay and Melayu Muda. Original religion at that time animism and dynamism that gave birth to a form of art as a medium for the ceremony (is symbolism)
Indonesia consists of prehistory: Stone Age and the Age of Metal
1. Art Stone Age
Subdivided into the stone age: Old Stone Age (Palaeolithikum), middle stone age (Mesolithikum), a young rock era (Neolithic), then developed art of stone age era metal called megalithikum (Big Stone)
Relic - legacy are:
a. Arts Building
Man has particularly phaleolithikum yet fixed abode, their nomadic (nomad) and hunting or gathering food (food gathering) sign - a sign of a work of art begins Mesolithikum era. They already have a place to stay in goa - goa. As found in the cave in South Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. Also a house - houses on stilts on the beach, with evidence - evidence such as that found in the eastern coast of Sumatra, a hill - hill mussels (Klokkenmodinger) as the rest - the rest of the kitchen garbage fishermen
Later Neolithic era, humans are able to cultivate the land and raise (food producting) and lived stay at home - home wood / bamboo
At the time megalithikum produced many buildings - buildings of stone size for ritual purposes, such punden, dolmen, sarkofaq, stone tables, etc.
b. Plastic arts
Sculpture developed in the Neolithic era, in the form of sculptures - statues and sculptures ancestors repellent reinforcements, non-realistic style, made of wood or stone. Then megalithikum many times itemukan sculptures - sculptures of monumental size static and dynamic style piktural
c. Portraiture
From antiquity Mesolithikum discovered paintings - paintings made on the walls of caves such as cave paintings in South and South Coast of Irian Jaya. Objective paintings for magical and ritual purposes, such as hunting animals adegang symbol ancestors and fingerprints. Later in the Neolithic era and megalithikum, painting applied to the buildings - buildings and objects - craft for decoration ornamental objects (symbolic geometric patterns or motifs)
2. Metal Ages Arts
Metal era in Indonesia known as the Bronze Age, because many found objects - objects of craft materials such as bronze ganderang, axes, vessels, sculptures and jewelery, works of art made with mengecor technique (print), known as two scoring techniques:
1) bivalves, is a bisaa mengecor techniques in recurrent ualng
2) Acire Perdue, who is teknim mengecor hany one time use (not repeated)
C. Indonesia Arts Hindu
Hindu culture from India that is spreading around the first century AD Indonesia through trade, religion and politics. Center development in Java, Bali and Sumatra and then mixed (acculturation) with native Indonesian culture (culture palace and feudal). Prose cultural acculturation India and Indonesia take place gradually over a period of time, namely the process:
a. The process of imitation (imitation)
b. The process of adjustment (adaptation)
c. Process Mastery (creation)
1. Characteristics - Characteristics of Indonesian art Hindu
a. Is Peodal, the arts centered in the palace as medi devotion Raja (King cult)
b. Is sacred, that the arts as a medium for religious ceremonies
c. Conventional nature, the arts, which is based on a guideline on the source of religious law (Silfasastra)
d. Results acculturation India to Indonesia
2. Art work of Indonesia Hindu
a. Arts Building:
1) Building the Temple
Temple berasala of the word "Candika" which means the name of one god of death (Dugra). Hence the temple is always associated with mnumen to honor King, who died eg Left temple to honor the King Anusapati, but it also serves as a temple:
- Temple Stupa: established as a symbol of Buddhist Borobudur example
- Temple Gate: founded as a gate or entrance, for example, the temple Bajang Queen
- Temple Hall Kambang / Tirta: established near / in the middle of the pond, temples example Hemisphere
- Temple Hermitage: founded on the slopes - slopes where the King imprisoned, for example temple Jalatunda
- Vihara Temple: built for the temple priests bersemedhi eg Sari
The structure of the temple consists of 3 parts
- Foot temple was once formed part of the basis of the schematics (rectangular, square or terms ujur 20)
- The temple. There is room - where a statue or sculpture
- The roof of the temple: an pyramid-shaped, crowned stupa, phallus, Ratna or amalaka
The temple there is a stand-alone there is also a group. There are two systems in pengelempokan temples, namely:
- Concentric Systems (result of the influence of India) is the main temple in the middle - the middle child - children temple, for example, groups and Prambanan temples lorojongrang
- System backs (original creations Indonesia) is the main temple is behind the children - children temple, temple eg upgrading
2) Building the temple
Pura is the building where the god or ancestral spirits that many established in Bali. Pura is a complex structure composed of three pages the influence of the temple upgrading are:
- The front page contained a meeting hall
- The central courtyard there is a food hall
- The back yard there; meru, Padmasana, and the Gods
The whole building is surrounded by a wall with gates around the one-door / lid (kori agung) is open (briefly temple)
- Pura glory, established in the palace complex
- Temple Mount, established on the slopes of the mountain where bersemedhi
- Pura Subak, founded in the paddy
- Temple of the sea, set on the waterfront
3) Castle Buildings
Castle is a building that serves as the administrative center and religious center. Building - building complex located at the castle include: The head of the family (Semanggen), where the ceremony leveling gear (Balain Munde), etc.
b. Hindu Buddhist sculpture
Sculptures in Hinduism is the result of the realization of the king with the god penitisnya. Hindus believe in the Trinity: Brahma Vishnu and Shiva. To distinguish them every statue given divine attributes (like / traits), such as a statue of Brahma laksananya four heads, four arms and kendaraanhya (vehicle) hangsa). While the statue of Vishnu laksananya there is the crescent moon crown, and skull, vehicle ox, (pulse), etc.
In Buddhism bisaa dipatungkan is Buddha, Dhyani Buddha, Dhyani Bodhidattwa and Tara. Each Buddha has a sign - a sign of purity, namely:
- Curly hair and beard (ashnisha)
- Among the forehead there is a point (urna)
- Long ears (lamba-karnapasa)
- There is also the wrinkles in the neck
- Wearing robes Sanghati
c. Hindu Buddhist decorative art
The form of the temple is actually a clone of the mountain Mahameru results are considered sacred as the place of the Gods
Therefore ornate temple always correspond to natural mountain atmosphere, with motifs of flora and fauna as well as being azaib. Forms ornate temples are divided into two types, namely:
1) Architectural Ornaments are 3 dimensional embellishment is that form the structure of the temple, for example:
- Decorative crown on the roof of the temple
- Hisana towers at each corner of the temple
- Decorative motifs kala (Banaspati) at the top of the door
- Ornament makara, simbar filaster, etc.
1) Hanging field is two-dimensional ornament is found on the wall / temple areas, for example
- Hanging with the story, is the Hindu temple of Mahabharata and Ramayana: while in the Buddhist temple is the Jataka, Lalitapistara
- Decorative flora and fauna
- Decoration geometric patterns
- Ornament creatures Khayangan
3. Chronological History of Visual Arts Buddhist Hindu
a. Fine art Java Central Java Hindu period, consisting of:
1) Sanjaya dynasty era
Temple - the temple was founded only in mountainous regions. Art sculpture embodies the human-animal (bull or eagle)
2) Age Wangsa dynasty
Remains of the temple: the temple Prambanan, Sewu Group, Borobudurm Temple, Temple Kalasan, Sari, Mendut And Plaosan Group
Buddhist sculpture art nature, eg statues of Buddha in Borobudur Temple and Budhisatwa
b. Fine art Java Hindu period in East Java, consisting of:
1) Age of Transition
In the art building has displayed a sign - a sign of the art style, as seen in eastern Java Hemisphere temple is at the foot changes terraced temple and a higher roof. Then in the art of sculpture dudah no longer exhibit the Indian tradition, but has been applied proposition Indonesia as the statue of Airlangga
2) Age Singasari
In the art building is correct - it displayed a style of art in both East Java temple structure and the decorations, for example: Singosari temple, temple-handed, and the temple bruiser. Art sculptures Klasisistis style that departed from Central Javanese style of art, just art sculpture carvings Singosari softer and richer with ornate statue Prajnaparamita example, Bhairawa and Ganesha.
3) Majapahit era
Temple - Temple Majapahit largely no longer intact because it is made of brick, the difference with the Central Javanese temples made of stone / andhesit relics of the temple: the temple Upgrading, Temple Bajangratu, Surowono temple, temple Quarterly etc.
Then in the art of sculpture is no longer exhibit the classic styles of Central Java, but the magical force that further highlight the monumental tradition of Indonesia as seen on the faces, clothes and jewelry typical Indonesian batik. In addition to sculptures of stone sculpture dikelan also realistic of Terakotta (clay) results darin influence Campa and China, for example, the statue faces Gajah Mada
c. Hindu Balinese Arts
In rare Bali temple cult because people are not familiar with the King. Bali Arts main building was the temple and Puri. Temple as a sacred building but in which there are no statues of gods as embodiments of the Balinese people do not know the an-Iconis not become immune to the statue as an object of worship, while the statue just as decoration
4. Differences With Style Art Central Java East Java
a. The difference in the structure of the temple
- The temple is made of stone adhesit Java, East Java while brick
- Temple Central Java chubby shape, slim shape while in East Java
- Legs are not terraced temple in Central Java East Java while berundak
- The roof of the temple a short Java, East Java, while higher
- Set the temple in Central Java with concentric system, while in East Java with the system turned
b. Differences in the art of sculpture
- Sculpture - sculpture in Central Java just as the embodiment of the god / king in East Java, while there is also a human embodiment bisaa
- Art sculpture symbolic Jateng realistic style, whereas in Java era style Singasari klasisitis and magical style Majapahit monumental
- Prambandala (magic circle) on Java sculpture located on the back of the head, while in East Java on the back rest of the body resembles flame
- Clothing King / Gods on Java sculpture was influenced by the tradition of India, whereas in a typical East Java Indonesia such as batik clothes, scarves and headbands
c. The difference in the temple decoration
- Hanging on the temple scenes story bergala Java realist, whereas in Java-style puppets (distortion)
- The scene of the story of the temple in Central Java just about Mahabharata and Ramayana, while there is also a scene in East Java Indonesia original story, such as the Panji stories
- Decorative motif on the temple in Central Java are Hinduism and Buddhism, while in East Java Indonesia there are just as original decorative motifs and symbolism penawakan and mountains
- Hanging on a temple in East Java is more dense and concentrated on Chinese art motifs like clouds and rocks
D. Indonesia Islamic Arts
Religion Islam arrived in Indonesia around the 7th century AD by traders from India, Persia and China. They spread the teachings of Islam sekligus introduce their culture - each, will arise acculturation
Islamic art was also developed by the masters of the palace - the palace as a media service to the rulers (King / Sultan) and then in relation to the spread of Islam, the walipun instrumental in developing the arts in rural communities, such as the Islamic da'wah conveyed by media art puppet
1. Feature - Indonesia Islamic Arts Feature
a. Feudalistic, the art is in the palace as a medium of service to the king / emperor
b. Sourced from pre-Islamic art (the art of prehistoric and Hindu Buddhist art)
c. Serve
2. Art work of Indonesia Islam
a. Arts Building
1. Mosque
Hindu influence appears at the top of the pyramid-shaped mosque compound odd (such as roof, meeting Hindu Bali), for example, the Great Mosque of Demak roof and the Great Mosque of Banten
2. Palace
Palace / palace of King serves as a residence, the seat of government. Religious activities and cultural center. Bisaanya palace complex was founded in the city center, surrounded by walls and a moat round.
3. Tomb
Architecture tomb Muslims in Indonesia is the result of the influence of non-Muslim tradition. The influence of prehistoric art in the form of the tomb looked like punden terraces. While the influence of hindu appears on the headstone the mountains ornate motif or motif when makara. The influence of Gujarat in India that is a roofed tomb lid
b. Calligraphy Art
Art of calligraphy or khat art is the art of beautiful writing. In Islamic art using Arabic. As a symbolic form of a series of verses - verses of Al - Qur'an. Based on the art of calligraphy can be divided into functions, namely:
1) Calligraphy applied serves as decoration / ornament
2) Calligraphy piktural serves as a picture framer
3) Calligraphy serves as a medium of expression such expressive calligraphy by AD. Pireus and Ahmad Sadeli
c. Decorative Art
Islamic decorative arts have always avoided the realist depiction of living creatures, in order to disguise made stilasinya (stylized) or diformasi (simplified) form growing - plants
E. Modern Art Indonesi
The term "modern" in Indonesia, namely betuk art and artistic embodiment that occurs due to the influence of Western art method / Europe. In line with the development of the Indonesian struggle to break away from the colonial
1. Pioneer Period
Starting from Raden Saleh Sharif Bustaman achievements (1807 - 1880), an Indonesian artist who studied art in Europe and upon his return in Indonesia it is spread education. Then Raden Saleh confirmed as the father of modern painting art pioneers
2. Period painting Indonesia beauty / Moek (1920 - 1938)
Characterized by the presence of a group of painters west, Rudolf Bonnet, Walter Spies, Arie Smite, R. Locatelli and others - others. There are several Indonesian painters who followed the rules / techniques are: Abdullah Sr, Pirngadi, Basuki Abdullah, Wakidi and Wahid Somantri
3. PERSAGI period (1938 - 1942)
PERSAGI (Picture Experts Rule Indonesia) was established in 1938 in Jakarta, headed by Agus Jaya Suminta and secretary S. Sujoyono, seangkan members Ramli, Abdul Salam, Otto Jaya S, Speech, Emira Sunarsa (Indonesia's first female painter) PERSAGI intended for Indonesian artists to create art in a creative and berkepribadan Indonesia
4. The Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)
At the time of the artist Indonesia Japan supplied the container at Bunka Shidoso Keimin cultural hall. The artists are active are: Agus Jaya, Jaya Otto, Zaini, Kusnadi etc.. Later in 1945 established art institutions under the auspices of POETRA (energy centers of the People) by four companions: Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara and KH. Mansur
5. After the Independence period (1945 - 1950)
At this time many artists teroragisir in groups - groups are:
Community art studio in Yogyakarta by Affandi, Artist Indonesia Muda (SIM) in Madison, by S. Sujiono, Central Power Painter Indonesia (PTPI) Djajengasmoro, Surakarta Cultural Association (HBS) etc.
6. Period Arts Education Through Formal Education
In 1950 in Yogyakarta stand ASRI (Academy of Fine Arts of Indonesia) are now renamed to STSRI (College of Fine Arts of Indonesia) pioneered by RJ. Katamsi, then at Teachers College London stood Images (now the Department of Arts ITB) which was pioneered by Prof. Syafe Sumarja. Furthermore LPKJ (Jakarta Arts Education Institute) followed by majors - majors in every State Teacher Training Institute sekarag even the rank of senior secondary
7. Future New Art Indonesia
In 1974 came the well-educated young artist formally or self-taught, like Jim Supangkat, S. Priaka, Harsono, Dede Eri Supria, Munni Ardhi, Nyoman Nuarta, etc.
F. Flow - Flow Art
The flow of painting emerged in Europe in the 19 abd pesatya affected by developments in science and technology. Discovery of the theory - a new theory is then used as a valid art method in bonding support group, it gives birth to a stream or ideology in art:
1. Kalsisisme, features: attractions such paintings made - decorative, beautiful and elegant impression. Characters: Watteau, Ringaud, Viee Lebrun, Fragnorad and Marisot Boucher
2. Neoclassicism, object characteristics lingungan paintings around the palace and religious, intellectual and academic. All forms are limited to the real line, impressive calm and regal. Pioneer Louis Davis then continued by Ingres
3. Romanticism, features: a powerful theme of the story or the glories of the history and events that arouse feelings, emotionally rich with color and light contrast, the impression of movement even more prominent than the actual event. Characters: Teodoro Gericault, Delaxroix, Cemille Corot, Rouseau. Millet etc.
4. Realism, features: revealing the truth to the object paintings of ordinary people, poverty or bitterness, misery and busy - busy, Gustave Courbet and the character George Hendrik Breitner
5. Naturalism, features: paint natural objects / scenery visually (forografis) without any other interpretation. Painters; Rudolf Bonnet, Le Mayeur, R. Locatelli dab Albercth Durer
6. Improsionisme, features: paint the impression of nature directly and fast light based on the rule of law, the contour lines / blabar and rich with color, artist: Claude Monet, Degas, Pisarro etc
7. Pointillism, features: a technique to paint spots - small spots to show the effects of light and color, the artist Seurat
8. Expressionism, features: results of the expression of emotions and feelings of the object deviates from its natural form, spontaneity and speed of drawing funds using pure color. Vanguard is Vincent Van Gogh and his followers: Emil Nolde, Karl Schmidt and Mondesohn
9. Cubism, there are two types of objects characteristic of Analytical Cubism paintings resemble the arrangement of beams / memorable 3-dimensional cube, and cubism paintings synthesis of object characteristics resemble makeup field an impressive 2-dimensional transparent. Painter Pablo Picasso, George Braque, Jan Gris and Fernand Leger
10. Futurism, features: displays the impression of motion on the object by the repetition of the change - change direction. Artist: G. Balla, Severini and Carlo Carra
11. Abstract, typically painted inner expression results no identification in the real world by means of the unity of line, shape, color and other art elements. Artist: Wassily Kadinsky, Malevich and Piet Mondrin
12. Dada, features: painting as infantile - juvenile, nihilistic, naïve, cute, rejected the law of art and beauty. Pioneer Paul Klee
13. Surrealism, features: painting objects seem strange and foreign as - if only in a dream world, the painter Salvador dali, Marc Ghagall Joan Miro etc..
14. Pop Art, features: as memorable - though satire, caricature, humor and candid of the object can be anything you want, although not lajim displayed in the artwork, the artist Tom Waselman, Cristo and others - others
15. Optical Art, features: including non-objective art by displaying shapes - geometric shapes or lines - lines that are repeated regularly and neatly detailed with color - bright colors painters: Jackson Pollok, William de Kooning and Andy Warhol
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