air pollution

Waste

AIR POLLUTIONNitrogen and oxygen do not react at low temperatures, but at higher temperatures, the two gasit 2 NO (g). ◊ made possible following reaction: N2 (g) + O2 (g) Approximately 10% of theNO gas is produced, further oxidized to form NO and NO2.CampuranNO2 as common air pollutants are marked with the symbol of NOx. NOx in the air is notdirectly toxic to humans, but the NOx reacts with materialsother pollutants and cause the phenomenon of smog (smoke-fog) or smog in the languageUK. This smog cause eye irritation, shortness of breath and plants are layu.Asbuta complex mix of gases and particles of liquids and solids.Smog generated from a series of photochemical reactions (ie chemical reactions under the influencesunshine NO (g) and O (g). ◊ energy of sunlight). NO2 (g) + Motor fuel, as wellproduces unburned hydrocarbons due to the combustion reaction in the motorless than perfect. Hydrocarbons can react with oxygen atoms producedNO2.Reaksi photochemical decomposition of hydrocarbons generates free radicalsvery reaktif.Radikal reacts with NO and NO2 produced again, andseries of repeated reaction and generate free ozon.Radikal it also reactswith O2 and N2 and produce compounds called peroksiasilnitrat (PAN).PAN also gives effect to smog and cause the pain in the eyes.e. Pollutants GranulesAmong the pollutants granules, the most striking thing is smoke and carbon grainscombustion. Pollutants can come from power plants, industry andbermotor.Pencemar vehicle granules may interfere with breathing, vision andaffect the weather.f. Lead pollution in the airLead (Pb) is an air pollutant from exhaust fumesmotor. To produce good combustion and improve the efficiency of the motorfuel, gasoline additives are given, ie Pb (C2H5) 4 or tetra ethyl lead (TEL). Afterundergo combustion in motor, lead is released into the air in the form of oxidelead. Lead is toxic if hard to accumulate in the bodycause permanent damage to brain, blood and other organs.Air quality deterioration due to air pollution is a serious problem citiesin Indonesia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesiasuffered economic losses of 424.3 million U.S. dollars in 1990 and increasedto 634 million U.S. dollars in 2000 due to air pollution. (Kompas Cyber ​​MediaWednesday, August 14, 2002 edition).3. The impact of pollutants and pollution1. Sulfur compounds resulting perkaratan metal, rock weathering, diseasebroncrutia, etc..2. Pertikulat cause asbestosis, lung disease and cancer.3. Carbon dioxide cause climate change and lead to the Greenhouse Effectcharacterized by rising temperatures.4. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer are alsocause a rise in temperature of the earth.5. Nitrogen oxides cause acid rain because it can dissolve the acid on the bodyand removing the leaves of a tree dau.6. Hydrocarbons resulting smoke haze formation phytochemicals.7. Oxidizing cause damage to agriculture and human health.The results bermoror combustion from vehicles, factories and heating oractivities carefully at home is the largest source of air pollutioncaused by human activities. Of the many substancesreleased into the atmosphere in this way has been known to be more than 100merupakn contaminants.Solid objects belonging thereto, including more than 20 of them arelogam.Bagian elements of organic compounds is much larger and includes manyall aliphatic hydrocarbons and also fonol, acids and bases and moreother compounds. By the reaction between the contamination was in the air, includingphotochemical reaction, the new compound will add diversity of compoundspollution. Air pollution is usually caused by exhaust emissions or pollutantscaused by the production process such as effluent plants, motor vehicles, andhouseholds.C. IMPACT OF POLLUTION1. For healthThe substance of pollutants contained in the air can enter the body through a system ofpernapasan.Jauhnya penetration of contaminants into the body depending on the type ofpollutants. Large particulates can persist in the upper respiratory tract,while the small-sized particulates and gases can reach the lungs. From the lungs,contaminants absorbed by the circulatory system and spread throughout the body.Health impact of the most common are respiratory (respiratory tract infectionacute), including, asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders.Some contaminants are categorized as toxic and carcinogenic. ADB studyestimate the impact of air pollution in Jakarta associated with deathpremature, hospital care, working days effectively reduced, and respiratory infection in1998 amounting to 1.8 trillion dollars and will increase to 4.3 trillion rupiah inin 2015. In an analysis of 12 years of research, concluded that the influenceshort term from increased pollution, which improved the symptoms of asthma andability of lung function. The analysis is based on data collected from acquisitionNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Inner-City Asthma Study(ICAS) tested 861 children aged 5-12 years old and have asthma. Here aresome biological mechanisms of how air pollutants trigger symptoms of the disease:a. Inflammatory reactions / inflammation in the lungs, for example due to PM orozon.Terbentuknya free radical / oxidative stress, such as PAHs (polyaromatichydrocarbons)b. . Covalent modification of the protein as an important intracellular enzymeswho works in the body.c. Biological components that induce inflammation / inflammation and impaired systemsimmunity, such as group glucans and endotoxinsd. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system that regulates and nosioreseptor the heart andairway.e. Effect of adjuvant (not directly activate the immune system) to the systemimmunity, such as transition metal group and DEP / diesel exhaust particulate.f. Procoagulant effects that can interfere with blood circulation and easespollutants spread throughout the body, such as ultrafine PM.Menurunkan systemnormal body defenses (eg, by pressing a function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs).Table 2.Pengaruh air pollution on the health of short-term and long-termShort-term exposure• Treatment in a hospital, a visit to the emergency or routine visitsdoctors, due to diseases related to respiration (breathing) and cardiovascular.• Reduced daily activities due to pain• The number of absences (work or school)• Acute symptoms (cough, tightness, respiratory infections)• Physiological changes (such as lung function and blood pressure)Long-term exposure• Deaths due to respiratory disease / respiratory and cardiovascular• Increased incidence and prevalence of chronic lung disease (asthma, lung diseaseChronic osbtruktif)• Impaired fetal growth and development• CancerSource: WHO and ATS (American Thoracic Society) 20052. Greenhouse EffectThe sun's rays penetrate the earth's surface senagian absorbed by the earth, somereflected back into the air again. Carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from smokemotor vehicles, factories, household or kitchen called greenhouse gases. Greenhouseexcessive air will come together to form a coating of clear andnot colored. The air layer umbrella and cover the earth.Layer containing greenhouse gases, properties can be penetrated by lightbut it can not be the sun reflecting back into the air. Thussunlight that falls to the surface of the earth will be trapped greenhouse gases.Sunlight is trapped in the atmosphere will raise the temperature of the surroundingbe hotter than usual. The heat that is felt when it was like when he wasthe house kaca.Itulah why it is called the greenhouse effect.Dampat greenhouse effect on life on earth is a declineair quality due to increased air temperatures that will occur if the temperature of the earth intoheat include:• polar ice melt causing sea levels to rise, so the beach areaand small islands to sink.• The air is too hot is not good for plants so that agriculture will be damaged andproduksiakan reduced.3. Damage Ozone LayerCurrently, the ozone layer is thinning, even above the south pole is formedempty circles and quite besar.Lapisan air layer of stratospheric ozone is.It has a chemical greenhouse O3 is ozone Latin name. That is why it is calledthe ozone layer.The ozone layer is a layer of air that has violet light absorbing propertiesmatahari.Dengan rays coming from the ultraviolet rays of the ozone layerall fell to the surface fraction bumi.Hanya ultravioletup to the surface of the earth according to human needs.Effect of ozone on human life are as follows:a. When too much ultraviolet light falling onto the surface of the earth, it will beharm living things will even cause death.b. When the ultraviolet rays of the ozone layer, then most will be absorbed. Only a small fraction to the surface of the earth.c. If the ozone layer is not there then most will Ultraviolet rays untilsurface of the earth. When this occurs, the surface of the earth will not existlife as it is now.The process of ozone destruction is as follows:• The ozone layer will react with certain substances that get into the layer. Substancesreacts with it such as fluorocarbon coating.• fluorocarbon found in many man-made items such as refrigerators,air conditioner, perfume spray foam and spray insecticide.• Fluorocarbon that soared into the air will enter the next ozone kelapisanFluorocarbon will take the ozone layer so the layer is reduced.• If this happens, secar constantly then the ozone layer will break down the longerthinner even be lost.What if the thinning ozone layer? Ultraviolet light will course through thethe earth's surface in amounts that exceed the threshold. If ultraviolet raysExcessive down to the earth's surface will affect the lives of people betweenother:• Can lead to skin cancer.• Can cause eye cataracts.• Can lead to yumbuh tanman not so difficult for farmers to growplanting.4. Acid RainAcid rain occurs due to mixing of sulfate, nitrate, and oxide. CompoundThe rain reacts with water to produce compounds, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, andbicarbonate acid.What is the impact of acid rain on human life:a. Water with acidity as it can damage the plant.b. Corrode metal objects, damaging the marble, and concrete.c. In rivers and lakes will affect freshwater life such as fish, Planton,and other biota.CONCLUSIONPollution is the inclusion of living things, matter, energy, or other components incausing environmental changes in order environment by human activities.Pollution means the entry of contaminants (pollutants) as a result of the activities manisiaor the natural processes found in place, time, and amount improperly.Pollution can be encountered, such as in soil, water, air, noise bahkam of the motor,AIR POLLUTION